oral+presentations


 * Glass:

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 * Stained glass was used for the first time in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Although it wasn’t considered art because it didn’t have a meaning. Christian churches began to use stained glass windows with paintings that represented bible’s stories and the life of important people. An important glass art is the rose windows from Notre Dame which was made after the French gothic imitating the roman structure oculus. **
 * A very common use of glass and a very modern one is the curtain walls. This technique was perfected by Mies Van der Rhoe and Le Corbusier. It consists in making the glass the whole exterior of the building. In Venezuela a good example is the Cubo Negro **
 * The Seagram building is one of the most famous. Is located in New York and was designed by Mies Van der Rhoe. Its facade is covered with concrete and glass. **
 * Glass can’t be used as a structural material its purpose is to connect the exterior with the interior and most times it beautifies the buildings. **
 * Wood **
 * We could say that wood has being employed since the very beginning of human kind and it is fair to say that it was the first construction material for building shelter (caves were used as protection but were not built). Its is one of the most used construction materials of all times due to its strength, workability, economy and beauty. It's reusable, recyclable, and biodegradable. Wood is also a great insulator, requires less energy to heat and cool than buildings constructed in other materials. Steel requires three times more energy to extract manufacture transport and construct. **
 * There are two main construction systems the log system, and skeletal system. The log construction consist in building de 4 walls together in horizontal layers of single hewn or uncut logs and jointed at the corners. The framing construction system requires precise cutting and shaping of lumber, it provides a rigid framework. **


 * Spatial organization **
 * Spatial organization is an arrangement of spaces (non- randomly).Also, it can be perceived as the order of the different elements of a set. Or, The capacity to appreciate the relation that exists between me, the other people and the objects. **
 * Points, lines, areas and volumes serves us to arrange spaces. **
 * The components of the organizations are spatial orientation, spatial structure and spatial relation. **
 * Spatial organization has three aspects: topological, projective relations and metrics. **
 * Architecture and urban planning work together in order to organize spaces. Spatial organizations can be perceived differently depending on the person. **

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 * Structure **

Structures refer to any large man made object.

Columns, vertical structure that transmit the weight of the of the structure above to the foundations. Some of them as in the Greek temples have decorative and symbolic objectives.

Beam: element that carries the load, generally vertical forces but also horizontal loads.

Wall defines and protect an area

Frame rigid structurte formed from slender pieces

Arch: curved masonry structure for spaning or decorative functions.

Fopundations. Transfers loads to the earth: shallow and deep foundations.

Vault: arched structure of stone brick or reinforced concrete

Dome: is a structural material that resembles a half sphere

Tensile structures: is a construction of elements arraying only tension and no compression for bending.

Gable: is generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.

Space frame is a lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometrical pattern.

Buttress architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce a wall.

Flying buttress is a freestanding buttress attached to the main structure by an arch or a half arch.

There are many structural components not all necessary but most of them are. Walls have been used to defend against enemies used as fortifications. Most commonly walls delimits a building, separates spaces and as protection. Parts of wall: Beam transmits the force to the pillar. The jambs The Sill The lintel Types of wall: Buildings walls have one main purpose: to support roofs. Boundary walls: Are barriers constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line. Shared walls Retaining walls is a structure that holds back soil or rock from a building. Types: gravity, piling, cantilever, anchored wall. Foundation and footing Wall framing: includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. Load bearing walls: Is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it. Nonbearing walls May be either perpendicular or parallel to joists or rafters. Floor Framing: Roof Framing: A roff is the cover of the building in its upper part. Construction systems: Platform Framing and Balloon Framing Architects must have knowledge in framed structures. Must work together with engineers. A lintel is a horizontal beam used in constructions. It supports the masonry above a window or door opening. A post and lintel is a simple construction technique where a horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts. Trabeated system: Refers to the use of horizontal beams or lintels which are borne up by vertical posts Is commonly used for reinforce or decoration of a structure.
 * Wall **
 * Framed Structure **
 * Post and Lintel: **